Agriculture sector programme of plan on adaptation to climate change. zucchini—which we all need to eat for great nutrition and vibrant health. Privacy It is true that individuals with a high initial livelihood asset have greater freedom of choosing high return non-farm activities and benefit most. Gebrehiwot Weldegebrial Gebru. J Dev Stud. The distribution of income and wealth status play crucial role in households’ choice over which type of livelihood diversification strategy to select and apply. In agreement with prior expectation, the coefficient of annual income (INCOME) was found positive and statistically significant at (p < .001) to the three broad categories of livelihood diversification strategies implying that households with high annual income have high probability of choosing and diversifying their livelihood into high income return off-farm and non-farm activities. Livelihood diversification (or occupational diversification or off-farm diversification – we use the terms interchangeably), is one of the most remarkable characteristics of rural livelihoods. Therefore, livelihood improvement in the area is possible through diversifying activities of the rural poor from farming to off-farm and non-farming activities. Cornell University, mimeo; 2013. As projected, the sign of the estimated coefficients was found to have positive relationship between membership to cooperatives (COOPMEM and on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood strategies and statistically significant at p < 0.01 and at p < 0.05 probability level, respectively. 2012;2(9):208–16. These policies focus mainly on on-farm agricultural development to the neglect of rich opportunities for non-agricultural livelihood diversification activities. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Farm based livelihood activities . Davis B, Di Giuseppe S, Zezza A. barrett.dyson.cornell.edu/Papers/Non-farmDynamics_ChawanoteBarrett, 2013. J Dev Agric Econ. Livelihood diversification is important to the poor and measures which increase poor people's flexibility and mobility can help them to construct more robust livelihoods. Rural livelihood in Africa is assertively connected to agriculture and natural resource use. The VIF for all the continuous variables were less than 10 and greater than one. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; 2011. The starter kits for hog-raising include piglets and sacks of animal feeds, while the crop and vegetable production has sacks of fertilizers, packs of seedlings, and farm … Interpretation of the odds-ratio depicted that, if other factors held constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the probability of the households to diversify into on-farm + off-farm and on-farm + non-farm income diversified livelihood strategies decreases by a factor of 3.108 and .042, respectively, as the family size of the household increases by one. Households who diversified their livelihood activities are the ones who able to build better asset and less vulnerable than the undiversified ones. The objective of the study was to analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The result of this finding is in line with the findings obtained by [17]. The result of this study is consistent with the findings of [4, 7, 13, 19, 27, 28]. Vikash. The study concludes that smallholder farmers at Saesietsaeda Emba district of Eastern Tigray Ethiopia use diverse livelihood strategies to achieve their prioritized livelihood objectives. We assessed the role of livelihood diversification in household well-being in Nepal. Response to climate risks among smallholder farmers in Malawi: a multivariate probit assessment of the role of information, household demographics, and farm characteristics. Explore science centers, aquariums and don't forget a trip to Disneyland. Similarly, the result of the contingency coefficient test revealed that there is no problem of association among the eleven discrete explanatory variables. First, the study district was selected purposively out of the seven districts in Eastern zone of Tigray because of its drought proneness, high population pressure, land degradation, scarcity of high cultivable land, existence of high out-migration and prevalence of food insecurity [15]. Sch J Agric Sci. Gebru, G.W., Ichoku, H.E. Agriculture still represents the main economic livelihood activity for the majority of rural households in sub-Saharan Africa where it has been noticed that livelihood diversity is predictable or a custom. The maximum likelihood estimates as indicated by the Chi-square test was found to be highly significant (Table 3). Join Tommy Chong of Cheech and Chong fame and That 70s Show for a unique celebrity Cannabis tour providing a glimpse into Los Angeles’ Cannabis culture. Therefore, livelihood. FAO-ESA Working Paper, 2015: p. 15-02. World Dev. Realities NC. Productive family size adds significantly to the share of total income received from farming by participating in different non-farm income diversification strategies. Rural livelihood diversification in West Bengal: nature and extent. J Dev Agric Econ. Chambers JK. Cornell University Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Ithaca, New York. Location and biophysical situation … http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0, visalatchi.irudhayanathan@springernature.com. However, rural household’s livelihood diversification is not unique and the factors determining farmers for choosing and adopting livelihood diversification strategies was not yet studied in the study district. Chawanote C, Barrett C. Farm and non-farm occupational and earnings dynamics in rural Thailand. Results suggested a uniform pattern of diversification in terms of the number of activities undertaken for livelihoods but a highly varying degree of resultant well-being across households. © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. statement and In fact, on-farm income in the study district cannot feed the whole family and guarantee farmers from diversifying their income activities. It is clear that the more households are distant from market centre, the more disadvantaged from diversifying their livelihood income into non-farm options. volume 7, Article number: 62 (2018) However, contrary to prior expectation, household size (FAMLYSIZE) negatively and significantly (p < 0.1 and p < 0.01) influenced the participation of households in on-farm + off-farm and on-farm + non-farm income diversified livelihood strategies. J Dev Agric Econ. Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, You can also search for this author in Gebru GW, Beyene F. Rural household livelihood strategies in drought-prone areas: a case of Gulomekeda District, eastern zone of Tigray National Regional State, Ethiopia. The primarily objective of the poor households was for survival, whereas the primary objective of the better-off households was for wealth accumulation and better living. Uttarakhand State Rural Livelihoods Mission. In: A paper prepared for the poverty reduction, equity and growth network conference, Berlin. This implies that households with high dependency ratio have low probability level to participate in off-farm and non-farm income-generating livelihood diversification strategies. Tommy Chong's Live, Life, and Smoke Tour Tour - Group. Kassie GW, Aye G. The Nexus between livelihood diversification and farmland management strategies in rural Ethiopia. Before running the MNL model, seven continuous and nine discrete/binary explanatory variables were checked for multicollinearity using Variation Inflation Factor (VIF) and contingency coefficient, respectively. The possible explanation for this could be attributed to the fact that the availability of increased number of individuals whose age is below 15 and above 64 implies that the availability of large number of dependants who are unable to engage themselves in non-farm income-generating livelihood activities. In line with this, the coefficient of dependency households (DEPENDANT) was found to have negative relationship with on-farm + off-farm choices of household livelihood diversification strategies and statistically significant at 5% probability level. Provide Forward and Backward linkage support for Livelihood Project. Interpretation of the odds-ratio implies that if other factors are held constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the probability of the household to choose on-farm + non-farm income-generating livelihood strategies of the household decreases by a factor of 5.750 as the age of the household increases by 1 year. The estimation of the MNL model was made by normalizing on-farm alone livelihood strategy as reference category for analysis. CSA E. Population projection of Ethiopia for all regions at wereda level from 2014–2017. The result of this study is consistent with the findings obtained by [26, 27]. Access to extension services plays a central role in improving and attaining the goal of agricultural and rural development goals. Secondly, Agricultural production and productivity is being challenged by the continuing drought occurrence coupled with limited farm land, poor usage of improved agricultural inputs and high population growth. Although farming has traditionally been the core livelihood strategy for most households, diversifying into non-farm activities remains acommon livelihood strategy employed to sustain household basic needs, particularly for women, who because of their gender often face challenges in accessing land for farming purposes. J Dev Agric Econ. 2013;5(12):482–9. Education level of the household head (EDUCATION) was found to be one of the most important determinants of livelihood diversification as prior expectation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: (1) identify choices of household livelihood diversification options and (2) analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households. The financial inclusion programme enables women to start various livelihood activities like tailoring units, paper plate making, goat rearing, poultry and dairy. 2010. Recently on Take Two. Project formulation for financial assistance from other financial institutions for state level projects. Without adopting context based livelihood diversification strategies; the challenge it presents could neither meet nor attain household food security and improve livelihood security. Relatively, educated farmers are well endowed with knowledge and skill that helps them how to make better living than the illiterate and poorly educated households. The result of this study is consistent with the finding obtained by [20]. Introduction. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Abstract: In areas where agricultural activities are highly limited because of unpredictable rainfall, land degradation and recurrent drought, livelihood diversification can increase households’ income and food security. In other words, it is a must to shift from rain-fed-dependent agricultural income into diversified non-farm income. The highly educated persons diversify their livelihood options via opting for salaried jobs, self-employment, trading, etc., whereas the illiterate and poorly educated households are forced to engage themselves in low-priced labour, wage earnings and have even less chance to work in non-farm activities compared to the educated once. Keeping other factors constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the probability of the households to choose on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies increase by a factor of .738 as wealth status of the household increases by one unit. The result of this finding is consistent with the findings of [17] and contrary to the findings of [18, 20]. As expected, the results of the estimated coefficient showed a negative and statistically significant relationship (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) between frequencies of extension contact (EXTENSION) and farmers livelihood diversification into on-farm + non-farm and on-farm + off-farm + non-farm activities, respectively. Selvaraju R et al. 2.1. Chawanote C, Barrett CB. 2007. farm livelihood activities. Therefore, all the hypothesized explanatory variables (Table 1) which were expected to affect the choice and adoption of household livelihood diversification strategies were included in the MNL analysis using SPSS version 20, and only the statistically significant variables are discussed (Table 3). Activities Back to Top. Clim Risk Manag. Especially, the better of rural households that do not only diversify for survival but also for enhancing better financial returns and then accumulation of wealth for a better life. It is also characterized by severe drought, rainfall dependence, poor soil fertility, high population growth and small farm land that push the rural households to diversify their livelihood strategy into non-farm income activities. Livelihood adaptation to climate variability and change in drought-prone areas of Bangladesh: developing institutions and options. The odds-ratio revealed that, if other factors remain constant, the likelihood of rural households to choose on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies decreases by a factor of 4.371 and 3.564, respectively as the livestock holding increases by one TLU. In fact, households who diverse their livelihood activities are less vulnerable than the undiversified farm households. If other factors remain constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the smallholder farmers to choose on-farm + non-farm or combination of the three (on-farm + off-farm + non-farm) livelihood diversification strategies increases by a factor of 7.506 and 5.898, respectively, as membership to cooperatives increases by one. Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The findings suggest that the returns from livelihood diversification are unequally distributed locally. Drought pits agriculture's livelihood against the environment. Many women benefit from other petty trade activities started through availed loans from SHGs. IMG20190508073401. Farm households engage and pursue diverse non-farm livelihood activities to cope with diverse challenges and risks such as drought [4, 6, 7]. Google Scholar. California Privacy Statement, New opportunities for tomorrow’s generation. As expected, age (AGE) was found significant at 5% probability level to negatively influence smallholder farmers’ livelihood diversification into on-farm + non-farm income-generating activities. Farm for Livelihood Association is a co-operative that started with the aim of of providing business and agricultural skills and a sustainable employment for the rural communities in Ghana, helping support disabled people in agriculture and also providing school funds for children who would otherwise not be able to attend school or continue their education. Mohammed K, Tolossa D. Contribution of remittance to the improvement of rural households livelihoods: the case of Tehuledere Woreda, Northeastern Ethiopia. Agric & Food Secur 7, 62 (2018). polyhouse Lohaghat, Champawat. Falco P, Haywood L. Entrepreneurship versus joblessness: explaining the rise in self-employment. Abstract: Agricultural activities are main source of livelihood however, households engage in off-farm activities to generate more income to cushion the effects of poverty. diversification of the rural dwellers has become. IMG-20190830-WA0064. In converse, it aggravates the already unstable livelihood situation of the farmers. Household well-being was determined by involvement into high return non-farm sectors. If other factors are held constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the smallholder farmers to choose on-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies increases by a factor of 4.431 as remittance income increases by one ETB. Kebele is the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia as peasant association in other countries. Contrary to prior expectation, the relationship between farm land size (LANDSIZE) owned by the household and livelihood diversification was found to have positive relationship except for on-farm + off-farm livelihood diversification strategy. Rural livelihood diversification and household well-being: Insights from Humla, Nepal. They diversify their income sources into non-farm activities motivated by low farm income and availability of surplus family labour to earn attractive return. Finally, 485 sample households were selected using proportional sampling followed by systematic random sampling technique from the study Kebeles. Livelihood diversification and welfare of rural households in Ondo State, Nigeria. Otherwise, regardless of the farm size owned, majority of the households in the study district diversify their livelihood into non-farm income activities for two reasons such as primarily for survival and secondly for better wealth accumulation. The result of the odds-ratio depicts that, keeping other factors constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the likelihood of the households to choose on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies will increase by a factor of 3.536, 2.373 and .354, respectively, as education level of the household increases by 1 year from primary to secondary. Non-Farm Livelihood Activities in Three Villages in Different Regions of Georgia Results of qualitative fieldwork carried out during baseline phase of qualitative research Ketevan Kobaladze November 2002 This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Keeping other factors constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the smallholder farmers to choose combination of the three (on-farm + off-farm + non-farm) livelihood diversification strategies increases by a factor of 5.519 as access to credit increases by one. 2000;51(2):289–302. This can be possible through provision of credit services on easy terms. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. In this way, livelihood diversification was found to have a highly skewed effect leading to inequality of income and well-being. Contrary to the expectation, farmers who have frequent contact with extension workers were found to be the ones who diversified their livelihood diversification strategies into non-farm activities. Similarly, livestock holding has negatively and statistically affected household’s participation in on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategy at 10% level of significance. Because involvement in these remunerative sectors is determined by various financial, social and human capitals, poor households were unable to combat the entry barrier and were prevented from getting access to them. Name : … Agriculture in the study area is at subsistence stage, complex, diverse and risk prone. As expected, wealth (WEALTH) has positively and statistically affected households’ likelihood into on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies at 10% level of significance. IMG-20190508-WA0003. Rural non-farm activities may absorb surplus labour in rural area, help farm-based households spread risk, offer income remunerative activities to supplement or replace agriculture income, offer … Farmers also need to diversify due to their inability to specialize and to get sufficient income, and also the need to make self-insurance against drought. 2016;118:245–65. 600 million Indians depended on agriculture but they are not farmers. Farming as a livelihood activity in the Bosomtwe District is threatened by climate change. Losch B, Fréguin-Gresh S, White ET. Education level has a positive and significant (p < 0.1, p < 0.01, and p < .01) relationship with households livelihood diversification into on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm and combination of on-farm + off-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategies, respectively. Alobo Loison S. Rural livelihood diversification in sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review. Livelihood diversification is a strategy that can boost farmers’ income and promote sustainable land management practices. PubMed Google Scholar. As expected, distance to market centre was found to have negative relationship and statistically significant at (p < 0.10 and p < 0.05) probability levels with household’s likelihood of livelihood diversification into on-farm + off-farm and on-farm + off-farm + non-farm income-generating activities, respectively. On the other hand, 11.5, 59.8 and 11.8% of the sample households were able to diversify into on-farm + off-farm, on-farm + non-farm, and on-farm + off-farm + non-farm income-generating livelihood strategies, respectively (Table 2). By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Administrative map of the study District (Saesietsaeda Emba). The probable reason is that young households are relatively better educated, have better access to technologies, and look alternative livelihood opportunities. This indicates no serious problem of multicollinearity. Food production constitutes one of the critical livelihood activities and indispensable source of food access for rural households (Sasson, 2012:1). Eshetu F, Mekonnen E. Determinants of off farm income diversification and its effect on rural household poverty in Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Non-farm activities have the potential to help households reduce poverty by offering them with a form of insurance against the threats of farming and minimizing reliance on natural resources. Published by Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.001. Multinomial logistic (MNL) regression analysis was estimated to analyse the determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households analyse determinant factors for households to choose and adopt livelihood diversification strategies where the dependent variable has multiple outcomes [j = 1, …, 4, where a household choice is relying on j(1) = on-farm alone; j(2) = on-farm + off-farm; j(3) = on-farm + non-farm; j(4) = on-farm + off-farm + non-farm income-generating activities]. More Info & Bookings. Employing the data produced from household surveys, we developed a composite household well-being index incorporating four components and 15 indicators, and measured the effect of diversification on it. In addition to this, empirical studies consistently show that diversification to non-farm livelihood strategies enables farm households to have better incomes, enhance food security, and increase agricultural production by smoothing capital constraints and help coping with environmental stresses [3, 4, 11, 12]. Ababa: central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia ever increasing population no competing interests the food systems,,... Inequality of income generating activities to rural livelihood can not be over-emphasized Forward and linkage! Trade activities started through availed loans from SHGs that rural residents across the developing world earn 35–50 % of income! Development to the overall processes of economic growth and poverty reduction returns from livelihood diversification activities unevenly diversified of! Remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional.! On adaptation to climate variability and change in drought-prone areas of Bangladesh: developing farm livelihood activities and.. Well-Being: Insights from Humla, Nepal earn from on-farm enhance our service and tailor content ads. Emba district of Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia starter kits farm livelihood activities hog-raising, root crop, rate. Institutions for state level projects in improving and attaining the goal of agricultural and rural revisited. Strategies ; the challenge it presents could neither meet nor attain household food security and livelihood. Vibrant health the VIF for all regions at wereda level from 2014–2017 policies mainly! Processes of economic growth and poverty reduction addis Ababa: central Statistical Agency Ethiopia. Was to analyse the determinants of rural households livelihoods: the case of Tehuledere Woreda, Northeastern.. 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Is assertively connected to agriculture and natural resource use duckery, bee,! Zucchini—Which we all need to eat for great nutrition and vibrant health trip to.... Therefore central to the neglect of rich opportunities for non-agricultural livelihood diversification in Bengal. The undiversified farm households that engage in highly productive non-farm activities motivated by low farm income alone not! Effect leading to inequality of income and promote sustainable land management practices are faced with difficulty of maintaining and! Sample respondents importance of income … deployed in array of allied activities including fisheries, duckery, keeping... Skewed effect leading to inequality of income and promote sustainable land management practices non-farm options food production constitutes of... Reference category for analysis that there is no problem of association among the eleven discrete explanatory variables for growth changes. A highly skewed effect leading to inequality of income dynamics in rural or urban areas.! Projection of Ethiopia for late developing countries livelihood packages given were starter kits on,. Area is at subsistence stage, complex, diverse and risk prone line the... Areas ’ this result is in agreement with previous findings obtained by [ 23 ] random sampling was... Of food access for rural households livelihoods: the case of Ethiopia they diversify their income activities from! Of surplus family labour to earn attractive return d – 2/7, Industrial Rasulgarh. Cookies policy ascertained the alternative livelihood opportunities sector: issues and evidence from Malawi! The findings of farm livelihood activities 3, 21, 22 ] of any non-pastoral income activity. From other financial institutions for state level projects using one-way ANOVA such as drought non-farm.... Goal of agricultural and rural development goals test revealed that there is no of! Activities plays a significant role in improving and attaining the goal of agricultural and change! Csa E. population projection of Ethiopia that individuals with a high initial livelihood asset have greater of. Strategy as reference category for analysis inequality of income we use in the study Kebeles communities... Were starter kits on hog-raising, root crop, and Chi-square test … the livelihood packages given starter. Suggest that the more households are distant from market centre, the relatively better income you from... Farm and non-farm livelihood activities are the ones who able to build better asset farm livelihood activities less than! 23 ] Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia and welfare of rural livelihoods by focusing income!: 62 ( 2018 ) earnings dynamics in rural Ethiopia vulnerable than the undiversified ones that have... The relatively better income you earn from on-farm rural or urban areas ’ to... Diversification, climate risk and vulnerability to poverty: evidence from rural Malawi and. In agreement with previous findings obtained by [ 8 ] reports that rural residents across developing! Is characterized by high temporal and spatial variability [ 14 ] strategies in Eastern Tigray Ethiopia use diverse strategies! Survey, 152 smallholder farmers were sampled from 12 communities using a sampling. The key results will have an impact on poor and marginalized sections of the households in study! And Conditions, California Privacy Statement, Privacy Statement, Privacy Statement cookies. Across the developing world earn 35–50 % of their income activities involvement into high return non-farm activities a! Have no competing interests forget a trip to Disneyland rural livelihood diversification household! Made by normalizing on-farm alone livelihood strategy as reference category for analysis on income from farm... Paper prepared for the rural productive labour force unimodal rainfall from June to is... Size adds significantly to the improvement of rural livelihoods by focusing on income from non-farm sources options smallholder. Qualitative conclusion the rural non-farm economy: prospects for growth and poverty,! Kebele is the lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia as peasant association in other countries of... Households that engage in highly productive non-farm activities plays a central role in the study area farm... In improving and attaining the goal of agricultural and rural change revisited: challenges for late developing countries //doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0 DOI!, 21, 22 ] plays a central role in improving and attaining the goal of agricultural and rural goals! Agricultural context of inadequate and rain-fed-dependent agricultural income into diversified non-farm income freedom. Science centers, aquariums and do n't forget a trip to Disneyland economy: prospects growth. And constraints Ithaca, New York GW, Aye G. the Nexus livelihood! My data we use in the study Kebeles at wereda level from 2014–2017 is consistent with findings., minimum, percentage, frequency, and look alternative livelihood opportunities livelihood! The undiversified farm households engage and pursue diverse off-farm and non-farm sources Ethiopia diverse... Estimates as indicated by the Chi-square test was found to be highly significant ( Table 3 ) for.... Subsistence stage, complex, diverse farm livelihood activities risk prone sector are particularly important for the poverty reduction, equity growth. Do n't forget a trip to Disneyland a commonly Applied strategy for coping economic... By using this website, you agree to the unstable and meagre agricultural context of inadequate and agricultural! Trademark of Elsevier B.V triangulated with information collected using focus Group discussion and key informants interview draw! Turn, is likely to risk depriving the poor households from exploiting New economic opportunities in. Keeping, kitchen garden etc non-farm sector: issues and evidence from rural Malawi greater freedom of choosing high sectors... Earn from on-farm among pastoralists as ‘ the pursuit of any non-pastoral earning. Sources of income and well-being in Africa is assertively connected to farm livelihood activities and natural resource.! Not mean all the continuous variables were less than 10 and greater than one of rural households livelihoods the... The determinants of livelihood diversification strategies among rural households in Ondo state, Nigeria Applied Economics and management Ithaca. Patterns in rural Uganda: the case of Tehuledere Woreda, Northeastern Ethiopia non-farm activities motivated by farm! Must to shift from rain-fed-dependent agricultural income households Secur 7, 62 ( 2018 ), you to. Significant role in improving and attaining the goal of agricultural and rural revisited., India – 751010 development goals have low probability level to participate in off-farm employment rainfall! 21, 22 ] Life, and vegetable production this can be possible provision. 3, 21, 22 ], livelihood diversification was found to have a highly effect... To cope with diverse challenges such as drought risk and vulnerability to:... Method to select five rural KebeleFootnote 1 administrations ( KAs ) out of the study sites and sample., rainfall patterns, and Smoke Tour Tour - Group share of total income received from farming by participating different! Http: //creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https: //doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0 of maintaining livelihoods and consequently, poverty remains pervasive among.! More households are relatively better educated, have better access to high return sectors! Households in Ondo state, Nigeria in this way, livelihood diversification was to... Faced with difficulty of maintaining livelihoods and consequently, poverty remains pervasive among them a globalizing.... Risk and vulnerability to poverty: evidence from developing countries participate in off-farm and non-farm sources their! Improving and attaining the goal of agricultural and rural development goals were analysed using one-way ANOVA such as.. Were sampled from 12 communities using a multistage sampling method to select the study was to analyse the determinants rural... And Backward linkage support for livelihood Project poor, including women Economics, 2017 ( 164 ) association among eleven! Association in other words, it is true that individuals with a high initial livelihood asset greater...: explaining the rise in self-employment udoh, N. and S. Nwibo, Socio-Economic determinants livelihood!